Online sexual offending and contact sexual offending are often treated as if they are the same, but research shows important differences in risk and recidivism. Early in my career, I conducted original research under my maiden name, Kathryn Lawing, on adolescent sex offenders and predictors of recidivism. That work revealed that outcomes are rarely uniform — some youth reoffend, while many do not.

Today, the same principle applies when comparing online offenders (such as those convicted of child sexual exploitation material possession or online solicitation) with contact offenders. Studies led by Michael Seto and others consistently show that online-only offenders have lower rates of future contact sexual offending, distinct psychological profiles, and different treatment needs. While escalation is possible, it is not the inevitable path.

Understanding these differences is critical for courts, attorneys, and treatment providers. Accurate risk assessment tools like the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) allow for evidence-based decisions, proportionate sentencing, and effective prevention.